Chronic dislocations of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints with successful treatment by ligament repair: A case report and literature review

Abstract

Dislocations of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints (CMCJs) are rare and often misdiagnosed via radiography. Moreover, treatment strategies have not yet been standardized. Herein, we report a case of chronic dislocations of the fourth and fifth CMCJs with delayed diagnosis and successful treatment via ligament repair. A 29-year-old male patient who was initially diagnosed with contusion at another center following a fall on the stairs was referred to our hospital one month later due to persistent pain and swelling. Fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations were diagnosed using radiography and computed tomography. Closed reduction attempts were unsuccessful, prompting open reduction. The operative findings included rupture of the dorsal carpometacarpal ligament and hamate cartilage injury. Using two mini anchors, the fourth and fifth dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments were repaired, and Kirschner-wire (K-wire) pinning was performed. The K-wire was extracted after four weeks. At the eight-month follow-up, the only remaining symptom was mild discomfort, and the range of motion and grip strength was fully recovered. Our findings highlight the difficulties in diagnosing CMCJ dislocation and suggest ligament repair as a treatment option for chronic cases of CMCJ dislocation.

Introduction

Dislocation of one or more carpometacarpal joints (CMCJs) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of hand trauma cases, excluding those of the thumb.[1] Typically, CMCJ dislocations are associated with fractures,[2,3] and only 11 cases of fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations without fractures have been reported.[4-11] In addition, no cases of chronic dislocation of the fourth and fifth CMJs have been previously reported. Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of this type of injury contribute to poorer clinical outcomes.[12] Treatment for single and acute CMCJ dislocation usually involves reduction with or without percutaneous pinning.[13-16] In chronic cases, reduction followed by pinning is often required;[17,18] however, a standardized treatment approach has not yet been established. In this report, we presented a case of chronic dislocations of the fourth and fifth CMCJs with delayed diagnosis.

Case Report

A 29-year-old right-handed male patient fell down the stairs after intoxication. At a different clinic, the patient was initially diagnosed with contusion without dislocation or fracture. However, since the pain and swelling persisted for one month, the patient was referred to our hospital. Physical examination revealed tenderness and swelling in the right fourth and fifth CMCJs. The patient retained almost full range of motion in the ring and little fingers, movement was painful, and full grip was impossible. Neurological symptoms were not observed. Radiographs performed in the previous clinic (Figure 1) indicated loss of normal CMCJ parallel zigzag lines, asymmetry, overlap, and ulnar offset, suggesting fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed fourth (Figures 2a, b) and fifth (Figures 2a, b) CMCJ dislocations without fractures. Closed reduction was initially performed under general anesthesia but was unsuccessful. Subsequently, open reduction was performed. A dorsal incision was made and expanded, and the dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments were identified (Figure 3a). Cartilage injury on the articular surface of the hamate was observed, and soft tissue intruding into the joint hindered reduction. Notably, reduction was easily achieved after removing the soft tissue; however, maintaining the reduced position was difficult. Two mini-anchors were inserted into the hamate bone, and the fourth and fifth dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments were sutured (Figure 3b). Kirschner-wire (K-wire) pinning was performed between the fourth and fifth CMCJs and the hamate (Figures 4a-c). Postoperatively, a splint was applied on the volar side for one week, and the K-wire was removed after four weeks, at which point rehabilitation of the CMCJ was initiated. Eight months postoperatively, the only remaining symptom was mild discomfort; the patient had normal grip strength and no limitations to range of motion. Radiography indicated no redislocation (Figure 5a-c), and the QuickDASH (shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire) score was 0.

Figure 1. (a) Anteroposterior-, (b) oblique-, and (c) lateral-view radiographs taken at the time of injury.

Figure 2. (a) Axial view and sagittal view of the (b) fourth and (c) fifth carpometacarpal joints on computed tomography.

Figure 3. Intraoperative findings of (a) a ruptured dorsal ligament in the carpometacarpal joint. (b, c) Images demonstrate the ruptured dorsal ligament (yellow arrow) sutured using an anchor.

Figure 4. Postoperative (a) anteroposterior-, (b) oblique-, and (c) lateral-view radiographs demonstrate the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints fixed with a K-wire.

Figure 5. (a) Anteroposterior-, (b) oblique-, and (c) lateral-view radiographs taken eight months after the operation confirm the absence of dislocation and osteoarthritis.

Discussion

Carpometacarpal joint dislocation is rare and is usually associated with fracture. Although 11 reports of fresh fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations had adequate clinical information, none of these cases were chronic. The case discussed herein involves chronic CMCJ dislocation.

Injury to the CMCJ commonly results from fracture dislocations, as axial pressure applied to the metacarpal bone causes dislocation with fracture of the base of the metacarpal or carpal bones.[2,3,19] Therefore, CMCJ dislocation without fracture is considered rare.[19] Details of the 11 reported cases of fresh fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations are presented in Table I.[4-11] The most common cause of injury was a blow to the fist (five patients); the mean age was 37 years, and all the patients were male. In addition, treatment was initiated within two days in nine patients. The causes of isolated chronic CMCJ dislocation[8,13-15,17,18,20] were similar (including fist blows and falls). The trends were similar among patients with fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations and those with chronic single dislocations. Regarding the direction of dislocation, 10 of the 11 cases were dorsal, including all cases involving chronic single CMCJ dislocations.[14,16,21] Moreover, an interesting case of divergent dislocation of the fourth dorsal and fifth palmar sides has been reported.[22]

Table 1. Summary of 11 cases of dislocation of fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints

The presence or absence of local findings around the CMCJ should be confirmed during diagnosis. In cases of severe trauma, such findings can be easily missed when focusing on major fractures, such as those involving the pelvis, spine, femur, chest, or abdominal organ damage, often leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Therefore, caution is warranted.[1,23] Pain appears to be the most important local finding, as it was persistent in the present case and in cases that went untreated for three months.[17,18] Therefore, CMCJ dislocation should be considered in patients with persistent pain. Plain radiography and local examination are important. Characteristic radiographic findings of fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations include loss of parallelism, asymmetry, overlap, and ulnar offset.[12] Notably, all of these findings were observed in the present case. Additional frontal and oblique lateral images are recommended to avoid misdiagnosis.[23] Furthermore, we believe that comparing the healthy and injured hands is also effective for identifying slight differences. However, dislocations and slight fractures can easily be detected with threedimensional CT (axial, coronal, and sagittal).

In previous reports, closed reduction was performed in seven of the 11 fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocation patients; (Table I) however, open reduction was required for all patients who were operated on several days after the injury. In addition, splints or casts are usually used to retain reduction in fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations. In contrast, K-wire fixation is used to retain reduction in both fresh and chronic single CMCJ dislocations. There is a risk of secondary dislocation without K-wire fixation; therefore, frequent radiographic examinations are recommended, particularly for approximately two weeks after reduction. In other reports, K-wire removal was performed after approximately six weeks, similar to the present case.[17,18] Regarding the method of fixation, the transverse K-wire passed from the fifth and fourth metacarpal into the third metacarpal is not strong enough to fix the CMCJ, and we believe that fixation through the metacarpal to the hamate, as in this case, is more rigid. Although there is a risk of secondary osteoarthritis due to the repeated penetration of the articular surface with a K-wire,[24,25] minimizing the number of procedures that penetrate the joint surface is preferable. Joints should thus be immobilized to promote repair of the repaired ligaments and cartilage and prevent secondary osteoarthritis and cartilage damage. In addition, dorsal percutaneous pinning carries the risk of nerve and tendon injury, and previous reports have recommended nerve identification and protection.[26] In open reductions, as in this case, it is possible to prevent injury by identifying and protecting the extensor tendons and the dorsal ulnar nerve. In closed reductions, a small skin incision at the pin insertion site only and blunt dissection instead of percutaneous pinning may be alternative methods.

Ligament repair is not generally performed for new or chronic cases. Ligament repair was used in this case since the fourth and fifth CMCJs generally have a range of motion of 10° to 15° and 25° to 30°, respectively, and have a larger range of motion[27] and a greater attachment area of the dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments than the second and third CMCJs. Notably, these anatomical features are small and prone to dorsal dislocation.[14,27] In this case, instability remained after intraoperative repositioning, with findings of easy redislocation. Although the fourth and fifth CMCJs do not move as complexly as the thumb CMCJ, which has a range of motion of 90° palmar abduction and 60° radial abduction, the redislocation and remaining instability resulted in functional disability with decreased grip strength (46% of the healthy side), decreased joint range of motion (10° to 20° extension limitation of proximal interphalangeal joint), and back-hand pain during reciprocal motion.[18] Therefore, we considered it necessary to increase stability as much as possible and treated the patient with reference to previous reports of thumb CM joints with similar characteristics.[28-30] These reports obtained good results with ligament repair or arthrodesis for patients with residual instability after repositioning. In this case, unlike fresh dislocation, the ligaments were sutured with scar tissue since the joint was easily dislocated even after repositioning. This approach allows for a stronger anatomic position and prevents redislocation compared to K-wire fixation alone. Ligament repair using suture anchors should be considered a treatment option to prevent functional impairment.

Finally, osteoarthritis in the fifth CMCJ results in a significant functional decline;[31] cartilage injury on the articular surface of the hamate was observed in this case, which may have contributed to osteoarthritis development. We believe that ligament repair for stronger and more stable joints is required to prevent the progression of osteoarthritis.

In addition, for the previously reported cases, the average follow-up for patients with fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations was 26 weeks (4 to 36 weeks).[4-11] Although no redislocation or functional impairment was observed, the long-term prognoses were unclear owing to the short follow-up period. In contrast, for chronic cases of a single CMCJ dislocation, the average follow-up time was 19 weeks (15 to 24 weeks). Although no decrease in grip strength or residual pain was observed, osteoarthritis due to CMCJ dislocation was reported,[16] and long-term follow-up is considered necessary.

In conclusion, we report an extremely rare case of chronic fourth and fifth CMCJ dislocations successfully treated via ligament repair. To avoid delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, the cause, local findings, and characteristic radiographic findings should be considered. Currently, there is no standardized treatment for chronic cases; however, based on the anatomical features of the fourth and fifth CMCJs, K-wire fixation is needed, and ligament repair may be preferable to prevent redislocation or chronic dislocation.

Citation: Kono H, Saito M, Sato N, Ochiai S, Ichikawa J, Wako M, et al. Chronic dislocations of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints with successful treatment by ligament repair: A case report and literature review. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2024;35(3):699-705. doi: 10.52312/jdrs.2024.1724.

A written informed consent was obtained from patient.

Conception and design: H.K., M.S., N.S., J.I., T.H.; Provision of study materials or patients: H.K., M.S., N.S., S.O., T.H.; Data collection and analysis: H.K., M.S., N.S., T.H.; Manuscript writing: H.K., J.I. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

The authors thank Ms. Kahori Sano, Azusa Sakamoto, and Sachiko Ichimura for their secretarial assistance.

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

1. Eichhorn-Sens J, Katzer A, Meenen NM, Rueger JM. Carpometacarpal dislocation injuries. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2001;33:189. German. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-15130.
2. Bezirgan U, Acar E, Ülgen N, Dursun Savran M, Armangil M. Comparison of plaster cast and open reduction internal fixation in delayed fourth and fifth carpometacarpal fracture-dislocations. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2023;34:315-24. doi: 10.52312/jdrs.2023.851.
3. Talmaç MA, Görgel MA, Dırvar F, Tok O, Özdemir HM. Functional and radiological outcomes of multiple dorsal carpometacarpal fracture dislocations treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi 2019;30:130-6. doi: 10.5606/ehc.2019.64279.
4. Storken G, Bogie R, Jansen EJ. Acute ulnar carpometacarpal dislocations. Can it be treated conservatively? A review of four cases. Hand (N Y) 2011;6:420-3. doi: 10.1007/s11552-011- 9347-3.
5. Metikala S, Herickhoff P. Isolated dorsal dislocations of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints: A case report and review of literature. Cureus 2020;12:e12310. doi: 10.7759/ cureus.12310.
6. Giotis D, Paschos NK, Plakoutsis S, Vardakas D, Konstantinidis C. Conservative treatment of isolated dorsal dislocations of fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints: A report of a rare case. Cureus 2023;15:e35356. doi: 10.7759/ cureus.35356.
7. Vikas R. Open dislocation of fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joint - An easily missed injury. Med J Armed Forces India 2015;71(Suppl 1):S264-7. doi: 10.1016/j. mjafi.2014.08.010.
8. Prokopis PM, Weiland AJ. Volar dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints: A case report and review of the literature. HSS J 2008;4:138-42. doi: 10.1007/s11420-008-9086-3.
9. Stevanovic MV, Stark HH. Dorsal dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints and simultaneous dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the small finger: A case report. J Hand Surg Am 1984;9:714-6. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(84)80020-9.
10. Orji CK, Ojo CO, Shekoni OO, Adebisi AA. Conservative management of the ring and little finger carpometacarpal joint dorsal dislocations. Cureus 2023;15:e48745. doi: 10.7759/ cureus.48745.
11. Busa R, Internullo G, Caroli A. Divergent dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints. J Hand Surg Am 1998;23:529-31. doi: 10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80473-3.
12. Fisher MR, Rogers LF, Hendrix RW. Systematic approach to identifying fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joint dislocations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983;140:319-24. doi: 10.2214/ajr.140.2.319.
13. Beekhuizen S, de Witte PB, Rutgers M, Ohanis D. Isolated ulnopalmar dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. BMJ Case Rep 2018;2018:bcr2018225363. doi: 10.1136/bcr2018-225363.
14. Elghoul N, Jalal Y, Bouya A, Zine A, Jaafar A. Pure isolated dorsal hamatometacarpal dislocation in a rider: A case report and review of literature. J Orthop Case Rep 2018;8:29-31. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1196.
15. Ibn El Kadi K, Sbiyaa M, Alami B, Rabhi I, Marzouki A, Lahrach K, et al. Isolated radial volar dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint: A rare injury. Pan Afr Med J 2013;16:90. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2013.16.90.3218.
16. Desai B, Nammour M, Warren M, Sumarriva G, Sisco-Wise L. Isolated volar dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. Ochsner J 2020;20:215-8. doi: 10.31486/toj.18.0151.
17. Boltuch AD, Harker JN. Operative intervention for a chronic fifth carpometacarpal dislocation: A case report and review of literature. J Orthop Case Rep 2021;11:108-12. doi: 10.13107/ jocr.2021.v11.i01.1986.
18. Pehlivan O, Akmaz I, Mahiroğullari M, Unsal AS. Beşinci karpometakarpal eklemde tanisi geç konan izole ulnopalmar çikiğin açik redüksiyon ve internal fiksasyonla tedavisi. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2004;38:361-5.
19. Cain JE Jr, Shepler TR, Wilson MR. Hamatometacarpal fracture-dislocation: Classification and treatment. J Hand Surg Am 1987;12:762-7. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(87)80064-3.
20. Watanabe H, Osada R, Zukawa M, Kimura T. Isolated slipping dislocation in the ulnar direction of the fifth carpometacarpal joint–—The utility of computed tomography. Injury Extra 2008;39:376-9.
21. Saleemi AJ, Iqbal MJ. Ulnar dislocation of fifth carpometacarpal joint. Hand Surg 2005;10:87-90. doi: 10.1142/S0218810405002498.
22. Hegde AS, Shenoy RM, Arif S, Shetty A, Babu R. Isolated radiopalmar dislocation of fifth carpometacarpal joint: A rare presentation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2015;44:E347-9.
23. Henderson JJ, Arafa MA. Carpometacarpal dislocation. An easily missed diagnosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1987;69:212-4. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.69B2.3818751.
24. Çapkın S, Buyuk AF, Sürücü S, Bakan OM, Atlihan D. Extension-block pinning to treat bony mallet finger: Is a transfixation pin necessary? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2019;25:281-6. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2018.59951.
25. Pegoli L, Toh S, Arai K, Fukuda A, Nishikawa S, Vallejo IG. The Ishiguro extension block technique for the treatment of mallet finger fracture: Indications and clinical results. J Hand Surg Br 2003;28:15-7. doi: 10.1054/ jhsb.2001.0733.
26. Naik AA, Hinds RM, Paksima N, Capo JT. Risk of injury to the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve with percutaneous pinning of ulnar-sided structures. J Hand Surg Am 2016;41:e159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.04.008.
27. Nanno M, Buford WL Jr, Patterson RM, Andersen CR, Viegas SF. Three-dimensional analysis of the ligamentous attachments of the second through fifth carpometacarpal joints. Clin Anat 2007;20:530-44. doi: 10.1002/ca.20426.
28. Okita G, Anayama S, Sato N, Haro H. Surgical reconstruction using suture anchor for dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: A case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011;131:225-8. doi: 10.1007/s00402-010-1122-3.
29. Kelmer GC, Johnson AH, Turcotte JJ, Shushan A. Chronic dislocation of the thumb carpometacarpal joint: A case report. Cureus 2023;15:e38168. doi: 10.7759/cureus.38168.
30. McCarley M, Foreman M. Chronic carpometacarpal dislocation of the thumb: A case report and review of the literature. JBJS Case Connect 2018;8:e49. doi: 10.2106/JBJS. CC.17.00206.
31. Meraghni N, Bacle G, Marteau E, Bouju Y, Laulan J. Results of the Dubert procedure for chronic painful fracturedislocations of the fifth carpometacarpal joint. A report of 6 cases. Hand Surg Rehabil 2017;36:373-7. doi: 10.1016/j. hansur.2017.04.005.