Does the gap balance technique really elevate the joint line in total knee arthroplasty? A single-center, randomized study
Özgür Avci1
, Alpaslan Öztürk2, Yavuz Akalın2, Nazan Çevik2, Ali Çınar3, Hikmet Şahin4
1Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tavşanlı State Hospital, Kütahya, Türkiye
2Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Heath Sciences University Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Türkiye
3Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Gaziantep City Hospital, Gaziantep, Türkiye
4Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sivas Numune State Hospital, Sivas, Türkiye
Keywords: Adductor tubercle, gap balancing, measured resection, tibial tubercle, total knee arthroplasty.
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to compare patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with gap balancing (GB) versus measured resection (MR) techniques in terms of joint line (JL) using radiographic measurements from both femoral and tibial sides.
Patients and methods: Between August 2019 and May 2021, a total of 107 patients who underwent TKA were included in this randomized study. The patients were divided into two groups as the GB group (n=54; 9 males, 45 females; mean age: 66.6±7.4 years; range, 51 to 81 years) and the MR group (n=53; 10 males, 43 females; mean age: 64.0±6.8 years; range, 50 to 80 years). The adductor tubercle joint line (ATJL) and the tibial tubercle joint line (TTJL) were evaluated for JL measurement. Clinical and functional evaluation was made using the range of motion of the joint, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score, Knee Society Score (KSS)-Knee and Functional scores.
Results: The mean follow-up was 34.2±3.5 months in the GB group and 34.4±3.3 months in the MR group (p=0.80). The mean operation time was 119.1±14.9 min in the GB group and 118.6±17.5 min in the MR group (p=0.89). A total of 31 (57.4%) patients in the GB group had a degree of release of 3-4, while 21 (39.6%) patients in the MR group had a degree of release of 3-4 (p=0.26). The ATJL measurement was similar in the GB and MR groups, while the TTJL measurement was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.01). There was no significant correlation between the ATJL measurement and the degree of release, while there was a significant correlation between the TTJL and the degree of release (r=0.731, p<0.001).
Conclusion: While ATJL measurements in TKA showed similar results with GB and MR techniques, the amount of release may have caused the significantly higher JL elevation in the GB group in TTJL measurements. Based on these findings, we suggest that radiographic JL measurements on both the tibial and femoral sides in TKA may provide a more accurate assessment and we recommend to measure JL from the femoral side.
Citation: Avci Ö, Öztürk A, Akalın Y, Çevik N, Çınar A, Şahin H. Does the gap balance technique really elevate the joint line in total knee arthroplasty? A single-center, randomized study. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2025;36(2):350-357. doi: 10.52312/jdrs.2025.2068.
Idea/concept, design, materials, writing the article: Ö.A., A.Ö.; Control/supervision, aritical review: A.Ö.; Data collection and/or processing, literature review: A.Ç., H.Ş., N.Ç.; Analysis and/or interpretation: N.Ç., Y.A.; References and fundings: Y.A., A.Ç., H.Ş.
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.